Specialized Back Hypertrophy Program
Structure & Function: Muscles Of The Back
There are two very large muscles that cover almost the entire back. They are the trapezius and latissimus dorsi. These two prominent superficial muscles together extend from the skull all the down to the sacrum and illium. There are also three smaller muscles, which lie deep to the trapezius and latissimus dorsi, which assist these larger muscles.
Superficial Muscles:
Trapezius (Traps)
The trapezius is the easily distinguishable muscle superior muscle of the neck/back, is divided into three different groups: the superior fibers, middle fibers, and inferior fibers. Because of the many origins of the trapezius, each of these areas of fibers performs a different action.
The trapezius as a whole originates from the external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae (the ligament of the back of the neck), and spinous processes of the last cervical and all thoracic vertebrae. All of these fibers insert on the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process and spine of the scapula.
As a whole, the trapezius upwardly rotates the scapula. Individually, the superior elevation the scapula, the middle fibers retraction the scapula, and the inferior fibers depress the scapula. The trapezius will be targeted with the deltoids.
Click Image To Enlarge.
Trapezius.
Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)
This large muscle of the back originates from the lower six and all the lumbar vertebrae as well as the iliac crest via the thoracolumbar fascia. All of the fibers insert on the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. The actions of this muscle are to extend, adduction, and medially rotate the arm. Unlike the pectoralis major, the latissimus dorsi can hyperextend the arm.
Deep Muscles:
Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids Minor & Major
The three muscles deep to the trapezius and latissimus dorsi share a similar function and will therefore be considered together.
The most superior of the three deep muscles to the back is levator scapulae. The levator scapulae originates from the transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae and inserts on the superior angle of the scapula.
The next muscle, inferior to the levator scapulae, is the rhomboids minor. It originates from the last (7th) cervical vertebrae and first thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the medial border of the scapula.
The last, and most inferior muscles of the three is the rhomboids major. It originates from the spinous processes of the 2-5 thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the medial border of the scapula, below the rhomboids minor.
The primary functions of these muscles are elevation and downward rotation of the scapula. The rhomboids also retract the scapula.
Click Image To Enlarge.
Deep Muscles.
| The Back |
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Muscles That Act At The Back:
Move your mouse over the following links for information on the specific muscles.
 Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
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| Major Muscles: |
| MUSCLE |
Move Your Mouse Over The Muscle Links (Above) To See Details. |
| ORIGIN |
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| INSERTION |
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| FUNCTIONS |
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The Program
Workout A:
Rack Deadlift:
Rack deadlifts are partial deadlifts done with bar starting at around knee height instead of on the ground. The full deadlift is a total body movement that hits every muscle in the body.
By starting with the bar at knee height, you decrease the amount of lower body (the legs) involvement in the movement because your knees and hips are not flexed as much in the starting position.
The muscles in the legs will still be stressed during rack deadlifts, just not to the degree they would be from full deadlifts, which allows you to lift a HEAVY load with more tension on the muscle of the upper body, including ALL the muscles of the back.
Lat Pulldown & Seated Cable Row:
These exercises are viewed as the "supporting cast" to deadlifts. Form should be relatively strict and you should pull with your lats, not your arms. The 1-Arm variations of these exercises hit the muscles of the back a little differently and add to the development of the back.
Workout B:
Pull-Ups:
Pull-ups (not chin-ups) are a great exercise for developing the lats, specifically back "width". As you execute each rep, you should focus on pulling your body up by using your lats NOT by using your arms.
Often times people will swing their body and use momentum to complete their pull-ups, which requires heavy recruitment of the biceps and decreases the recruitment of the lats. The goal is to keep the tension on your lats.
One way to limit bicep involvement is to think of your hands as hooks. You are not pulling from your hands, but rather from your lats. Think of the tension from the weight starting deep in your lats and moving "up" the lats to where they insert into the humerus (bone of the upper arm) as you pull yourself up. As you pull your body up, your elbows should come to your sides and you should contract the muscles of the back, squeezing them together.
Bent Over Rows:
Bent over rows are used to add "thickness" to the back. Just as with pull-ups, you must focus on pulling the weight with your lats and not your arms. If you feel your form is sloppy or your arms are being heavily recruited, try decreasing the weight on the bar.
As you pull the bar up, you can pull it to your lower chest, mid-stomach, or lower stomach. Where you pull to the bar to will depend on which spots allows you personally to hit the lats the hardest.
About The Author:
Derek "The Beast" Charlebois is an ACE certified personal trainer, competitive bodybuilder, and holds a Bachelor's degree in Exercise Science from The University of Michigan.
derek@scivation.com
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