By: Alwyn Cosgrove

Applying these principles - I have come up with ten (and a half J ) training guidelines for the combat athlete that must be present to ensure competitive success.

1: Bodyweight Before External Resistance

Many athletes make the mistake of beginning a strength routine and going straight for the heavy weights. This usually ends up causing an injury. An athlete has no business using load if he/she cannot stabilize, control and move efficiently with only their bodyweight. So your strength program in the beginning stages may actually include no weights whatsoever.

And it will work better and faster than a typical program that relies primarily on weights and machines in the beginning stages. In fact in my experience I'd suggest that some athletes cannot even work with their bodyweight so we may need to modify certain exercises.

Do not rush to lift heavy loads - muscle recruitment and control are far more important than maximal strength for any athlete. Without control - the strength is useless.

2: Train To The 5th Power

This is a concept I learned from Juan Carlos Santana - basically it refers to the following.

1st - Train in a standing position - GROUND BASED.

The majority of athletic training should take place in an upright position - standing. Of course there are exceptions to this rule, but in general, we always lose something when we go from a standing position to a seated or lying position.

Any machine limits the range of motion and controls the movement. This is fine for beginners, but athletes need to be able to stabilize and control their bodies in all three planes of motion simultaneously.

Single joint strength (e.g. leg extension machine, bicep curls) develops useless strength - A study was undertaken at Ohio State involving a knee extension test. The participants included:
3 World ranked squatters
1 World Record holder in the squat

The test results of the above subjects' averaged 180lbs of force on the Cybex leg extension machine.

However a local power lifter (ranked 15th in the state) broke the machine. He wasn't even number one in his state but he was stronger on this machine than the World ranked lifters. If there is a better example of the inability of single joint machine training to translate to real world strength then I'd like to see it.

A guy who was only ranked 15th in the state can apply more single leg strength than a World Record holder. Nice. Pretty. But pretty useless. If that strength doesn't transfer then what's the point of having it?

Basically, despite the strength that individual exhibited on the machine, he was unable to apply it in a real world situation - like squatting. And the elite squatters weren't that strong on the leg extension - showing it's not even a factor.

So leg extension machines are a waste of time. Unless of course you compete in seated ass kicking leg extension contests.

"How can anyone expect to possess co-ordination in active work when his muscles have never worked together in groups?" - Earle Liederman 1924.

Nearly 80 years ago and we are still having this argument today. Isolation machines have no place in the preparation of a competitive athlete.

"Single-joint exercises, such as leg extensions and leg curls develop movement patterns that will interfere with patterns you use in sport. Such exercises lead to inappropriate muscle recruitment patterns that can impair movement and lead to injury" - Thomas Fahey

Explosiveness as I see it can be defined as 'as fast as possible with control'. Some people seem to feel that explosiveness is somewhat dangerous. Sloppy training, uncontrolled movements? That's dangerous. Training explosively more closely mirrors what happens in sport and/or life.

Again, isolated muscle group training, outside of rehabilitation has no place in athletic training. An athlete should focus on strengthening specific movements. True muscle isolation is impossible anyway, so let's focus on using that body to work in an integrated fashion.

3: Train Unilaterally And Multi-Planar

The majority of training programs take place in the sagittal plane with bilateral movements. Sports take place in all 3 planes simultaneously with primarily unilateral movements.

4: Use All Primary Methods To Develop Strength

Max Strength Method - Heavy loads.

Repeated Efforts Method - Multiple sets

Dynamic Effort Method - Using relatively lighter weights and moving them at max speed (this is the least used method).

5: Variation

Everyone seems to understand that training load should be progressively increased. Few understand that the training stimulus must also be progressively and periodically varied.

All programs have positive and negative aspects no matter how well designed or specific - too much time on one program and you'll habituate to the positive aspects and accumulate the negative aspects.

6: Avoid Mimicking Skills

The role of conditioning training is NOT skill training. Loading a technique tends to affect the mechanics of the technique negatively.

7: Train With Balance

Balance between motor qualities.

Balance between movement patterns (e.g. horizontal push-pull).

8: Focus On Rate Of Force Development

Either lift lighter weights fast, or heavy weights as fast as possible (intent is more important than actual speed).

9: Train The Antagonists

The speed of a kick or punch is determined largely by the ability of the antagonist to eccentrically decelerate the joint action efficiently and prevent joint injury. If your body cannot safely and effectively - brake - the motion, then it will not allow you to achieve full acceleration.

If you are not training the antagonists eccentrically - you are not training deceleration. And if you are not training deceleration you cannot be training acceleration.

Think about it - how fast would you drive your car if you knew your brakes were not working at their best?

10: No Aerobic Training

Aerobic training is pretty much a total waste of time. There is nothing in any martial art that is done aerobically - it is done at high intensity, explosively and at full speed - usually without oxygen. Martial arts take place at the limits of the anaerobic threshold - there is no benefit to doing long slow training of any kind.

10.5: Use Undulating Periodization

When using linear models - we tend to lose the qualities we initially sought to improve. E.g. 6 weeks of hypertrophy, 6 weeks of strength. 6 weeks of speed strength. At this point it has been 12 weeks since we were exposed to hypertrophy methods - so we'll have lost portions of that quality.

A better method is to alternate accumulation and intensification phases.

Typical Mistakes

1: Sacrificing Quality for Quantity

Don't do more of something until you can do it well. More is not better. BETTER is BETTER

The effectiveness of training is not determined by the amount of fatigue it produces but by the degree to which it improves the qualities and/or abilities you're trying to develop.

Too much focus on the loads and not how it is being moved, and whether or not there is optimal transfer (standing split stance cable press v barbell bench press). Also the time taken to go from a 300lb squat to a 400lb squat may not be worth the return in the real world.

Unchanging routines leads to staleness and overuse injuries.

Write programs not workouts - try to write 12-16 weeks at a time. Understand that certain factors may mean that you need to change your routines - that's ok. However - what I typically see is a situation where trainers and coaches do not write long term plans, they write single workouts. This leads to a lack of continuity and progress.

Remember the ironic rule of strength training for sport. The objective is not to get stronger per se but to improve athletic performance. Do not get caught up in the numbers game and do not confuse gym improvements with real world or sports world improvements. The greatest athletes in the world do not necessarily have the greatest bench presses in the world.

The greatest athletes in the world have an ability to produce useable force on their field of play. Usable force is force that propels athletes towards the ball, knocks another athlete back or down, helps you move at full speed, or throws the winning touchdown pass. Usable force is force properly directed in an unstable real world, unpredictable environment.

The weight room, in general, is a stable environment whereas a field of play or the competition ring is a constantly changing place. A good strength and conditioning coach looks to improve athletic performances - not just gym lift numbers.

Alwyn Cosgrove is the publisher of Secrets Of Martial Arts Conditioning, and Macrocycle - 32 weeks of strength training for sport available at www.alwyncosgrove.com.

alwyn@alwyncosgrove.com

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